长江中游城市群空间联系研究

基于城市流强度模型和城市间相互作用模型,以长江中游城市群27个地级市为研究对象,分析了城市群内的城市辐射能力及其内在的经济联系。结果表明:(1)长江中游城市群整体集聚和辐射能力较弱,区域内中低级城市流强度的城市占多数;(2)城市群内第二、三产业辐射能力存在较大差异,第二产业呈现出较强的辐射能力,而第三产业辐射能力较弱,并且其空间分布相对较为分散;(3)区域中心城市的核心带动作用总体较弱,辐射范围和辐射强度都有待加强;(4)长江中游城市群内城市间空间联系不够紧密,且联系程度空间差异较大。省际城市之间联系贫乏,城市间尚未形成联系紧密的辐射网络。     

Mitigating urban sprawl effects: a collaborative tree and shade intervention in Phoenix,Arizona, USA

Communities in Phoenix are confronted with numerous challenges that adversely affect human health and safety, with disproportionate impacts on low-income communities. While some challenges are being addressed at the city level, new alliances at the neighbourhood level are initiating community development programmes and projects. This article reports on an intervention study carried out in collaboration with community representatives, city staff, and non-profit organisations to mitigate adverse effects of urban sprawl in the Sky Harbour Neighbourhood in Phoenix. Participatory research was conducted to design and test a tree and shade intervention. Challenges associated with navigating community desires and broader principles of sustainable development are discussed. The study offers a replicable and adaptable intervention research design aimed at empowering communities to meet urban challenges.     

Using the land transformation model to forecast vacant land

Growing or shrinking cities can experience increases in vacant land. As urban populations and boundaries fluctuate, holes can open in once tight urban areas. Many cities chase growth-oriented approaches to dealing with vacancies. It is critical to understand land-use alteration to accurately predict transformations of physical change in order to make better informed decisions about this phenomenon. This research utilizes the land transformation model (LTM), an artificial neural networking mechanism in Geographic Information Systems, to forecast vacant land. Variable influence on vacant land prediction and accuracy of the LTM is assessed by comparing input factors and patterns, using time-series data from 1990 to 2010 in Fort Worth, Texas, USA. Results indicate that the LTM can be useful in simulating vacant land-use changes but more precise mechanisms are necessary to increase accuracy. This will allow for more proactive decisions to better regulate the process of urban decline and regeneration.     

Linking Nitrogen Export to Landscape Heterogeneity: The Role of Infrastructure and Storm Flows in a Mediterranean Urban System

Urban ecosystems are often sources of nonpoint source (NPS) nitrogen (N) pollution to aquatic ecosystems. However, N export from urban watersheds is highly variable. Examples of densely urbanized watersheds are not well studied, and these may have comparatively low export rates. Commonly used metrics of landscape heterogeneity may obscure our ability to discern relationships among landscape characteristics that can explain these lower export rates. We expected that differences not often captured by these metrics in the relative cover of vegetation, structures, and impervious surfaces would better explain observed variation in N export. We examined these relationships during storms in residential watersheds. Contrary to expectations, land cover did not directly predict variation in N or water export. Instead, N export was strongly linked to drainage infrastructure density. Our research highlights the role of fine‐scaled landscape attributes, mainly infrastructure, in explaining patterns of N export from densely urbanized watersheds. Changes to hydrologic flow paths by infrastructure explained more variation in N export than land cover. Our findings support further development of landscape ecological models of urban N export that focus on hydrologic modification by infrastructure rather than traditional landscape measures such as land use, as indicators for evaluating patterns of NPS nitrogen pollution in densely urbanized watersheds.     

长江经济带城市对外服务能力时空演变分析

基于城市流强度模型测算2000年以来长江经济带126个地级以上城市在全国范围内的对外服务能力,进而采用改良锡尔系数、马尔可夫链和ESDA方法对城市对外服务能力的时空演变特征进行探讨。结果表明:研究时段内长江经济带各市城市流强度都有显著提升,但区域间的非均衡现象明显,城市对外服务能力呈现出由东部向西部的梯度递减;省内差异对城市对外服务能力的差异贡献率最高,是空间尺度差异的主要来源;对外服务能力存在明显的俱乐部趋同现象和空间自相关性,对外服务能力相似的区域聚集分布,东、中、西部分别形成长三角、武汉-长沙、成渝等对外服务区域中心;时空演变表现出阶段性特征,经历由极化向均衡的转变。最后指出多中心发展和寻找新增长点应成为长江经济带城市对外服务能力提升的方向。     

面向城市水系环境需水的再生水空间配置——以深圳市宝安区为例

以深圳市宝安区为例,探讨以再生水满足城市水系环境需水的方法.应用一维恒定与非恒定水质模型计算了4种补水水质方案下该区10条主要河流的环境需水量,从水量平衡角度提出全区再生水BOD5的平均值,并进一步分析了补水水质与河流环境需水量的关系.结合该区水系与污水处理系统空间位置,提出3种再生水的空间配置方法.结果表明:茅洲河和...     

基于快速聚类方法分析常州市区PM2.5的统计特性

运用统计方法研究常州市区2013~2014年6个国控点六项基本污染物(SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))月平均浓度变化,结果表明,除O_3外,其它五项污染物月平均浓度夏季较低冬季较高.颗粒物与风速之间的关系为PM_(2.5)浓度随风速的升高一直降低,PM_(10)随风速的升高浓度先降低后升高.采用快速聚类分析(k-means)并运用SWV和DIV指数对六项基本污染物进行分类,得到4个样本分类.与依据颗粒物化学成分或粒径谱对PM进行源解析方法不同,本研究更多是从PM_(2.5)与其它污染物相关关系以及污染程度等角度按照欧式距离进行分类.不同类中PM_(2.5)来源明显不同,类1中PM_(2.5)与化石燃料燃烧排放密切相关,类2与O_3密切相关,类3与城市不完全燃烧排放、区域灰霾污染密切相关,类4可以归类于城市"背景"类.快速聚类分析结果也表明常州市区PM_(2.5)有着复杂的来源.     

重庆市主城区PM2.5时空分布特征

利用2014年6月1日至2015年5月31日重庆市主城区17个国控空气质量监测站24 h自动连续采样的PM_(2.5)浓度数据,探讨了重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)时空分布特征.结果表明:1重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)季节浓度由高到低依次为冬季(100.2μg·m~(-3))、秋季(66.1μg·m~(-3))、春季(45.9μg·m~(-3))和夏季(33.4μg·m~(-3))(P0.05).2重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)月均浓度变化呈单峰单谷型,1月PM_(2.5)月均浓度最高(P0.05),达到120.8μg·m-3.3逐日变化,国控17个空气质量监测站PM_(2.5)日均浓度曲线都呈现出尖峰和深谷交替变化的锯齿状.4重庆市主城区16个国控监测点(除缙云山对照点)PM_(2.5)浓度日变化在全年、春季、秋季和冬季都呈现明显的双峰双谷型.5PM_(2.5)与SO_2、NO_2和CO都呈显著正相关(P0.01),表明SO_2、NO_2和CO的二次转化对PM_(2.5)浓度具有显著影响.     

城市综合承灾能力评价的分形模型

基于结构决定功能的系统原理,运用分形理论,构建城市综合承灾能力分形评价模型。首先构建了城市综合承灾能力评价指标体系;其次进行原始数据标准化处理及指标数据之间相关性的消除;接着进行研究对象的分形评价与分维计算;最后通过对29个城市实例进行计算,并与模糊可变识别评价方法、指数评价方法进行比较验证,得到各城市综合承灾能力属于相对较强、中等和较弱的各占13.79%6,5.52%和20.69%。实例分析结果与各城市承灾能力实际状态基本一致,显示该方法能利用一个综合反映多因素之间复杂关系的特征指标给出相应的评价等级结果。     

城市重点公共区域人群聚集风险的实时定量技术

城市公共区域人群高度聚集且流动性大,紧急状态时易发生群死群伤的拥挤踩踏事故,造成大量人员伤亡和社会负面影响。在FIST模型的基础上,提出以人员密度（D）、人员特性（C）、人与人的相互作用（I）以及人群聚集环境（E）作为表征公共场所人群聚集风险的基本参数,接下来对四个参数进行了相应的技术分析。第一,利用人群监控技术估计人群密度;第二,通过现场监测网络得到的人群压力值来表征人与人相互作用的强度;第三,忽略了个体差异对人群整体的影响;第四,把公共场所中导致事故发生的影响因子归结为综合扰动强度,并建立了相应的数学模型表征了这种强度的大小。最终建立了描述人群聚集风险的DICE模型。同时,给出了人群密度阈值、人群压力阈值以及人群聚集风险的总阈值及其判断标准,整个工作将人群聚集风险实时定量及管理技术推向了实用化的道路。